> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://qatesting.gitbook.io/qa/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://qatesting.gitbook.io/qa/database-testing/sql/dml-commands/operators.md).

# Operators

## **Arithmetic Operators**

Arithmetic operators perform mathematical calculations between numeric columns or expressions.

* `+` (Addition) - Adds two values together.

```sql
SELECT 10 + 5;
```

* `-` (Subtraction) - Subtracts one value from another.

```sql
SELECT 12 - 3; 
```

* `*` (Multiplication) - Multiplies two values.

```sql
SELECT 2 * 8;
```

* `/` (Division) - Divides one value by another.

```sql
SELECT 10 / 5; 
```

* `%` (Modulo) - Returns the remainder after division.

```sql
SELECT 10 % 3;
```

## **Bitwise Operators**

Bitwise operators perform binary logic between numeric values at the individual bit level.

* `&` (Bitwise AND) - Compares bits and returns 1 only if both bits are 1.
* `|` (Bitwise OR) - Compares bits and returns 1 if either bit is 1.
* `^` (Bitwise XOR) - Compares bits and returns 1 if the bits are different.

## **Comparison Operators**

Comparison operators test for logical conditions between expressions.

* `=` (Equal) - Checks for equality between two values.
* `>` (Greater than) - Checks if left value is greater than right value.
* `<` (Less than) - Checks if left value is less than right value.
* `>=` (Greater than or equal to) - Checks for greater or equal condition.
* `<=` (Less than or equal to) - Checks for less than or equal condition.
* `<>` or `!=` (Not equal to) - Checks for inequality between two values.

## **Compound Assignment Operators**

Compound operators provide shorthand for performing an operation and assignment.

* `+=` (Add equals) - Add and assign e.g. `x += 5` (x = x + 5)
* `-=` (Subtract equals)
* `*=` (Multiply equals)
* `/=` (Divide equals)
* `%=` (Modulo equals)

## **Logical Operators**

Logical operators test for complex logical conditions involving multiple operators.

* `ALL` - TRUE if all subquery values meet a condition.
* `AND` - TRUE if all conditions are TRUE.
* `ANY` - TRUE if any subquery values meet a condition.
* `BETWEEN` - TRUE if within a range.
* `EXISTS` - TRUE if subquery returns rows.
* `IN` - TRUE if equal to value in list.
* `LIKE` - TRUE if matches a pattern.
* `NOT` - Inverts a condition's meaning.
* `OR` - TRUE if any condition is TRUE.
* `SOME` - TRUE if any subquery values meet a condition.